12th class Chemistry chapters & syllabus

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The 12th class chemistry syllabus for NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) covers the following topics:

Unit I: Solid State

  • Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids
  • Crystal lattices and unit cells
  • Close-packed structures
  • Imperfections in solids
  • Electrical and magnetic properties
  • Amorphous and crystalline solids
  • Differences between crystalline and amorphous solids

Unit II: Solutions

  • Types of solutions: ideal and non-ideal solutions
  • Raoult's law and deviations from Raoult's law
  • Colligative properties and determination of molar mass
  • Abnormal molar mass values
  • Vapour pressure of solutions and vapour pressure lowering

Unit III: Electrochemistry

  • Redox reactions and their applications
  • Electrochemical cells and their types
  • Nernst equation and its application
  • Conductance and conductivity
  • Kohlrausch law and its applications
  • Electrolytic cells and electrolysis
  • Batteries and fuel cells

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

  • Rate of reaction and factors affecting it
  • Integrated rate equations and half-life
  • Pseudo-first order reactions
  • Arrhenius equation and activation energy
  • Catalysis and its types

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

  • Adsorption and its types
  • Factors affecting adsorption
  • Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms
  • Catalysis and its types
  • Colloidal state and colloids
  • Properties of colloids
  • Emulsions and their types

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  • Principles of metallurgy
  • Occurrence and extraction of metals: Al, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, Au
  • Refining of metals
  • Non-metals - occurrence, preparation, and properties

Unit VII: p-Block Elements

  • Group 15, 16, and 17 elements: electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties, preparation and properties of their important compounds
  • Allotropy and catenation
  • Nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of oxoacids

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

  • Position in the periodic table
  • Electronic configurations of the d-block elements
  • General properties of the transition elements
  • Trends in atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, colour, catalytic properties, magnetic properties, complex formation
  • Preparation

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